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Article 1 of a ruling announced in the Journal of Laws, Isuue 33, for April 23, 1937 reads: "The day of November 11, marking the anniversary of the attainment of national independence by the Polish People and permanently bound up with the great name…

By a ruling of Parliament on April 23, 1937, National Independence Day was designated a Polish state holiday—and, significantly, a day off from work. Previously, it had been a day off only for educators and government administration. This photo…

Wooden homes and tall apartment buildings made of brick or stone, cobblestone streets—whether one found oneself in one of the city's northern districts, like Bałuty, or in midtown, such an architectural landscape was characteristic of pre-war Łódź.…

Those running the summer camps were committed to round-the-clock comprehensive child care. Here, at a camp located in Rabka, we are offered a view of the clinic, where a nurse is busy taking care of young patients.

Children were assured consistent, high-quality nutrition for the duration of their stay at the summer camps. In this photograph, children are gathered at lunchtime in the dining hall at a camp located in Rabka.

In the interwar years, those overseeing the welfare of children and youths made it a priority to provide them with recreational activities during the summer. Each year, a relatively small number of children—mainly those under special care of the…